{"id":343,"date":"2021-07-14T11:04:56","date_gmt":"2021-07-14T11:04:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.x-system.co.uk\/?page_id=343"},"modified":"2021-07-23T13:28:54","modified_gmt":"2021-07-23T13:28:54","slug":"poaav-paper","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.x-system.co.uk\/poaav-paper\/","title":{"rendered":"Predictions Of Arousal And Valence"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bg_image=”159″ bg_position=”center center” background_image_loading=”default” bg_repeat=”no-repeat” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”12%” bottom_padding=”12%” left_padding_desktop=”%” right_padding_desktop=”10%” text_color=”light” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” enable_gradient=”true” color_overlay=”#1000e8″ color_overlay_2=”#00c9ed” overlay_strength=”0.8″ gradient_direction=”left_t_to_right_b” enable_shape_divider=”true” shape_divider_position=”bottom” shape_divider_height=”500″ shape_divider_bring_to_front=”true” bg_image_animation=”none” parallax_bg=”true” parallax_bg_speed=”fast” shape_type=”mountains”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][split_line_heading animation_type=”default”]\n

An RCT Trial: X-System Predictions of Arousal and Valence<\/h1>\n[\/split_line_heading][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”3\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” delay=”200″][vc_custom_heading text=”Tamil Nadu, 2019. In this study, validation of X-System valence predictions was carried out in an RCT, once again, in a non-Western culture.” font_container=”tag:h4|font_size:20|text_align:left|color:rgba(255%2C255%2C255%2C0.7)|line_height:36px” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” delay=”300″][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”fade-in-from-bottom” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” delay=”400″][nectar_cta btn_style=”next-section” btn_type=”minimal-arrow” next_section_color=”#dddddd” alignment=”left” alignment_tablet=”default” alignment_phone=”default”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”4%” bottom_padding=”2%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text]The results of listening to contrasted tracks selected by X-System was compared with watching nature films with no sound track. Physiological measures of Heart Rate (HR) were taken with sensors, but there were not appropriate conditions to take physiological measures of Heart Rate Variability (HRV), so subjects reported on the effect of valence – related directly to HRV and vagal power – in response to a simple, culturally adjusted, psychometric question. X-System predictions proved to be accurate in terms of ranking and profile for both HR and subjective valence responses to music. The responses were far more vivid for the music than for the films The results were highly statistically significant.<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]A population of 40 schoolchildren was selected, with an equal number of girls and boys, from the same age group (11-12) with a similar level of educational achievement, as assessed through methods approved by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).<\/p>\n

A computer randomisation program, was used to choose 20 children, 10 girls, 10 boys. The chosen children were further divided randomly into two groups: A and B, each with 10 children, 5 girls, 5 boys n=20 (10 plus10) To a certain extent, this may be considered to be a single blind study; although the children participated in making choices, they were not aware of the purpose of the experiment.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]For group A <\/em><\/p>\n

Children were tested individually, by one researcher, in one 45-minute session<\/p>\n

During the session the children listened to four 5-minute tracks of Carnatic vocal music with the kind permission of Sudha Ragunathan, predicted by X-System to be, respectively,<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Negative valence Sarvam Brahmanayam
    \n2. Low Arousal. Ragam-Tanam-Pallavi-Dhamavati<\/li>\n
  2. Positive Valence. 05-Mamavathu………
    \n4. High Arousal. 01-Era Napai…..<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    (Sarvam) (Dhamavati) (Mamavatu) (Era Napai)<\/p>\n

    The children wore X-System wristband heart rate sensors; there was a minute-long silence before each track to establish an HR baseline, and a pause after each track, where the children answered a simple question (How did the music make you feel?). The track order was not randomised and remained the same for every child.<\/p>\n

    A 3-minute game of naughts and crosses was played between tracks 1-2, 2-3 and 3-4.<\/p>\n

    For group B (control group) <\/em><\/p>\n

    Children were tested individually, by one researcher, in sessions lasting 45 minutes<\/p>\n

    During the session. Children watched four 5-minute video clips of nature, with as neutral a mood and sense of arousal as possible, and no sound.<\/p>\n

    The children wore X-System wristband heart rate sensors; there was a minute-long pause before each clip to establish an HR baseline, and a 5-minute pause after each clip, where the children answered a simple question (How did the film make you feel?)[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]A 3-minute game of naughts and crosses was played between clips 1-2, 2-3 and 3-4.<\/p>\n

    Sensor data for the music and control groups was collected by means of a Sony wristband sensor and X-System commercial i-phone app. Data from tracks with dropouts was eliminated (two from both sets of data). For each of the remaining tracks, the average HR was calculated.<\/p>\n

    The values for the music group were as follows:[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][image_with_animation image_url=”344″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”center” img_link_large=”yes” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”50%” max_width_mobile=”default”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]X-System predicts the ranking correctly. There is a relatively strong range of HR values for the music sensor data, i.e. a range of 4.16 bpm. The average HR for the four tracks (92.22), represents a generally high level of excitement above average HR for 12-year-old children (70)<\/p>\n

    For the control (silent film) group the average HR values were:[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][image_with_animation image_url=”345″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”center” img_link_large=”yes” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”50%” max_width_mobile=”default”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]This is far less profile than for the music group results. There is a relatively weak range of HR values, I.e. a range of 1.71 bpm, and a generally far lower level of excitement (average 83.28), indeed 41% lower than the music group.<\/p>\n

    The difference between the music and control group results was highly statistically significant p <\/em>= 0.000351, t = 3.5804<\/p>\n

    X-System furthermore predicted subjective valence scores with accuracy:[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][image_with_animation image_url=”346″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”center” img_link_large=”yes” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”50%” max_width_mobile=”default”][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”10″][vc_column_text]\n

    Download the full paper by clicking here<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”7%” bottom_padding=”3%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”7%” bottom_padding=”7%” text_color=”light” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” id=”services” enable_gradient=”true” color_overlay=”#1000e8″ color_overlay_2=”#00c9ed” overlay_strength=”0.5″ gradient_direction=”left_t_to_right_b” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”padding-1-percent” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” enable_animation=”true” animation=”reveal-from-bottom” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_custom_heading text=”Other Papers” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][fancy_box box_style=”default” icon_family=”none” image_url=”6083″ color=”accent-color” border_radius=”default” image_loading=”default” link_url=”\/entrainment-paper\/” link_text=”View Case Study” min_height=”400″]\n

    1611 Summary of X-System Croydon Trial<\/h3>\n

    Queen Mary University, Imperial College, The Royal College of Music 2017. The earliest known reference to entrainment is Christiaan Huygens\u2019 description of two pendulum clocks \u2018\u2018falling into synchrony\u2019\u2019.[\/fancy_box][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][fancy_box box_style=”default” icon_family=”none” image_url=”6082″ color=”accent-color” border_radius=”default” image_loading=”default” link_url=”\/hrv-paper\/” link_text=”View Case Study” min_height=”400″]\n

    HRV Paper<\/h3>\n

    Northumbria University, 2019. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a useful measure of valence in music, that is to say how positive or negative the emotions of the listener are.[\/fancy_box][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][fancy_box box_style=”default” icon_family=”none” image_url=”6052″ color=”accent-color” border_radius=”default” image_loading=”default” link_url=”\/sanskrit-paper\/” link_text=”View Case Study” min_height=”400″]\n

    Sanskrit Chant Pilot Study, 2018<\/h3>\n

    Tamil Nadu, 2018. X-System is designed to be a universal musical tool, capable of predicting neurophysiological responses to music in all cultures.[\/fancy_box][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_spacing=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][fancy_box box_style=”default” icon_family=”none” image_url=”6052″ color=”accent-color” border_radius=”default” image_loading=”default” link_url=”\/evaluation-of-xsystem-paper\/” link_text=”View Case Study” min_height=”400″]\n

    IEEE Paper, September 2020<\/h3>\n

    Northumbria University\/NHS TEWV. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, X-System was invited to create playlists for the NHS Recovery College Online website.[\/fancy_box][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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